Gunung di Indonesia dan Puncak Tertinggi Dunia
JAWA: -*-Anjasmara (2.277 mdpl)-*- Argapura (3.088 mdpl)-*- Arjuno (3.339 mdpl) -*- Bromo (2.392 mdpl)-*- Bukit Tunggul (2.208 mdpl) -*- Ciremei (3.078 mdpl)-*- Cikuray (2.818 mdpl)-*- Galunggung (2.167 mdpl)-*- Gede (2.958 mdpl)-*- Guntur (2.249 mdpl)-*- Kembar I (3.052 mdpl)-*- Kembar II (3.126 mdpl)-*- Lawu (3.245 mdpl)-*- Semeru (3.676 mdpl)-*- Malabar (2.343 mdpl)-*- Masigit (2.078 mdpl) -*- Merapi (2.911 mdpl)-*- Merbabu (3.145 mdpl)-*- Pangrango (3.019 mdpl)-*- Papandayan (2.665 m)-*- Patuha (2.386 mdpl)-*- Penanggungan (1.653 mdpl)-*- Raung (3.332 mdpl), Salak (2.211 mdpl), Slamet (3.432 mdpl), Sumbing (3.336 mdpl)-*- Sundara (3.150 mdpl)-*- Tangkuban Perahu (2.084 mdpl)-*- Ungaran (2,050 mdpl)-*- Wayang (2.181 mdpl)-*- Welirang (3.156 mdpl)-*- Wilis (2.552 mdpl). SUMATRA:-*-Dempo (3159 mdpl)-*-Kerinci (3.805 mdpl)-*-Sibayak (2.212 mdpl)-*-Pesagi (2.262 mdpl)-*- Singgalang (2.877 mdpl)-*-Marapi (2,891.3 mdpl)-*-Tandikat (2438mdpl)-*-Leuser (3172 mdpl)-*- Perkison (2300 mdpl)-*- BALI: -*-Agung (3.142 mdpl), -*-NTB:-*-Rinjani (3.726 mdpl), NTT: Tambora (2.850 mdpl)-*- 14 PUNCAK GUNUNG TERTINGGI DUNIA: -*-Everest (8.848 mdpl)-*- K2 (8.611m)-*- Kangchenjunga (8.586) -*- Lhotse (8.516 mdpl)-*- Makalu (8.463 mdpl) -*- Dhaulagiri (8.167 mdpl) -*- Manaslu (8.091) -*- Cho Oyu (8.201 mdpl) -*- Nanga Parbat (8.125 mdpl) -*- Annapurna -*- (8.091 mdpl) -*- Gasherbrum I (8.068 mdpl) -*- BRoad Peak (8.047 mdpl) -*- Shisha Pangma (8.046 mdpl) -*- Gasherbrum II mdpl)-*-

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Desa Adat Bayan lombok, Nilai dari sebuah peradaban bermukim
Bayan adalah sebuah desa di sekitar hutan yang terletak di sisi barat daya Pulau Lombok, berada di kaki Gunung Rinjani. Desa yang dikenal dengan penduduk asli suku sasak ini memiliki loyalitas terhadap adat istiadat dalam banyak hal, pola dan tata cara bermukim. Arsitekturnya bisa dikatakan sangat relevan dan mengajarkan bagaimana menghargai suatu tempat dan wilayah. Desa yang memiliki luas 2.600 hektar ini merupakan salah satu dari enam desa yang ada didalam wilayah kecamatan Bayan, kabupaten Lombok Barat. Mayoritas penduduknya memeluk agama Islam, dikenal dengan sebutan Islam wetu telu. Secara administratif, Desa Bayan berada di wilayah Kecamatan Bayan, Lombok Barat NTB. Wilayah desa ini memanjang mulai dari kaki Gunung Rinjani sampai ke tepi laut utara. Lokasinya merupakan salah satu jalur pendakian ke gunung tersebut. Dari segi topografi, daerah Bayan dan dusun-dusun sekitarnya tersebar dari yang berbatasan langsung dengan laut hingga ke dusun yang memiliki ketinggian 700 m dpl. Mata pencaharian penduduk di wilayah ini sebagian besar adalah bertani. Hasil pertanian berupa padi, sayur-sayuran, kelapa, buah-buahan serta bawang merah dan bawang putih yang menjadi hasil andalan. Kebiasaan masyarakat bermukim sangat erat kaitanya dengan prinsip yang diatur dalam adat istiadat. Dalam sebuah desa memiliki berbagai jenis rumah adat dan wilayah yang membedakan antara yang umum dan khusus. Dalam wilayah dalam kampu (wilayah yang diperuntukan bagi pemangku-pemangku adat) terdapat beberapa rumah adat yang dibagi dan dinamai sesuai dengan fungsi atau sifat dari profesi pemangku atau maloka. Wilayah dalam kampu adalah wilayah suci, secara hukum adat tidak sembarangan orang dapat masuk di wilayah ini, untuk itu wilayah ini diisolasi oleh pagar bambu yang mengelilinginya. Pola penataan massa-massa bangunan secara umum di desa ini memiliki tipologi linier. Memanjang dan selalu berpasangan, berhadapan dan saling membelakangi, seluruh rumah yang ada terpola menghadap barat dan timur. Ini mengacu pada petunjuk dan adat istiadat yang berlaku. Dalam hal menentukan letak dan pengaturan massamassa ini menyimbolkan saudara tertua yang dapat mengayomi, menjaga dan melindungi saudara-saudara lainnya.bangunan, memiliki persyaratan mutlak dalam penempatannya. Bagi rumah yang menempati posisi paling selatan dimana bagian depan rumah menghadap barat (kiblat) menjadi keharusan untuk di tempati oleh saudara tertua, mengikuti garis keturunan, Di sisi yang berhadapan dengan rumah paling selatan menghadap ke timur ditempati oleh saudara berikutnya. Secara adat pola tatanan massa ini menyimbolkan saudara tertua yang dapat mengayomi, menjaga dan melindungi saudara-saudara lainnya. Dalam susunan tata massa selalu juga ditandai dengan adanya baruga (tempat pertemuan) pada titik-titik yang sudah ditentukan, menempati posisi ditengah dari pola susunan masa yang linier. Posisi ini menandakan pentingnya fungsi dari baruga itu sendiri. Baruga adalah tempat penerima bagi siapa saja tamu yang datang, sekaligus berfungsi sebagai tempat melaksanakan upacara adat. Ukuran baruga tidak terlampau besar, berukuran kecil tetapi tersebar di beberapa tempat dalam satu desa. Baruga kurang lebih dapat menampung 15 orang. Penutup atap baruga terbuat dari alang-alang dan re (ijuk) dengan struktur yang ditopang oleh enam tiang utama (tiang saka enam). Tiang ini pada bagian kepala bangunan masing-masing diikat dengan 3 balok yang disebut apit saka sebagai balok dan dua balok tembok yang disebut aton dengan[Photo] diikat oleh pasak (pen). Kedua jenis balok ini yang memikul beban tunjang langit (kuda-kuda) yang pada ujung kuda-kuda terdapat senggoko (balok bubungan). Struktur bagian bawah tiang menerus ketanah yang berupa cendi (umpak) batu. Rumah-rumah adat (bale) yang ada di desa ini berdinding bambu yang dianyam, berlantai tanah, beratap alang-alang , dengan rangka konstruksi campuran kayu dan bambu. Didalam bangunan terdapat wilayah yang dibagi dan dinamai inan bale (induk rumah) dan juga terdiri dari enam tiang. Fungsi inan bale itu sendiri sebagai tempat untuk menyimpan nilai-nilai yang sifatnya tidak boleh diketahui oleh orang banyak selain orang rumah. Seperti harta, benda berharga lainnya dan beras yang disimpan dalam gentong (temberasan atau kemeras), juga tempat menyimpan nenoq (sesaji bagi arwah leluhur dan roh penghuni rumah), dan saat tertentu dijadikan tempat meditasi keluarga. Di wilayah dalam rumah juga terdapat tempat yang dikhususkan bagi kaum perempuan apabila bertamu, amben bleh. Secara keseluruhan, ruang yang ada di dalam rumah mencerminkan suatu kesatuan yang utuh dalam pola tatanan ruang. Dan uniknya masing masing rumah yang ada didesa ini memiliki sistem pengorganisasian ruang yang sama antara satu dengan lainya. Pembagian wilayah umum dan khusus di desa ini merupakan sebuah gambaran akan pentingnya menghargai makna dan nilai-nilai positif yang terkandung, untuk selalu dijaga dan dihormati tanpa berlebihan. Masyarakat desa hidup dan masih berpegang teguh pada aturan adat yang mengatur segala bentuk hubungan antara manusia dengan Tuhan, sesama manusia maupun dengan makhluk yang lain (tumbuhan dan satwa) serta lingkungan sekitar. Dan disisi lainnya sangat menghargai dan menjunjung tinggi atas nilai kehidupan suatu tatanan desa dalam bermukim.

Gear and Supplies

Mount Everest climbers need a lot of specialized gear, including clothing, tools and supplies. This list is by no means comprehensive, but can give you an idea of the amount of equipment required. If you're going on a guided expedition, you should carefully check to see what they'll provide. You should also test all of your gear before the trip. Alpine Ascents and MountEverest.net have detailed lists of necessities and brand suggestions. Shoes Climbers need several pairs of socks, including trekking, wool and liner socks. They also need lightweight hiking boots as well as plastic, lined climbing boots. These should be large to give feet more room and reduce the risk of frostbite. Heating pads and wires are available to help keep boots warm, and depending on the type of boot, you may also need insulated overboots. Gaiters are included on some boots; otherwise you will need them to help keep your feet warm and dry.[Photo] Clothes Layering is important in choosing clothing. There is a great deal of variation in temperature between camps, depending on the weather and time of day, so you will need both lightweight and expedition-weight underwear. You'll also need a fleece or synthetic zip-up jacket, an expedition-weight down parka and a Gore-Tex shell jacket with a hood. Synthetic insulated pants, down pants and a pair of Gore-Tex shell pants (all windproof with full-separating side-zippers) are required. For your head, you'll need a headlamp with spare bulbs and batteries; glacier glasses with side covers; ski goggles; a baseball cap or visor; a wool hat and both lightweight and heavyweight balaclavas. Synthetic bandanas will protect your neck. You'll also need a total of four different pairs of gloves: light synthetic ones that can fit inside the others, expedition-weight fleece gloves, waterproof gloves and expedition-weight mitts. [Photo]Climbing Tools Clipped to your boots are step-in glacier crampons. Climbers should bring spares in case these are damaged. You also need an alpine climbing harness that will fit over all of your clothes, three locking and three stationary carabiners, one right and one left ascender, a belay device, and prussiks (or 40 feet of flexible six milimeter perlon rope to make into prussiks). An ice ax with a leash designed for glacier axes is required to cross the Lhotse Face and climb to the summit. The length should be determined by your height -- if you're under 5 feet 7 inches tall, your ax should be 60 centimeters long (about 24 inches); people from 5 feet 7 inches to 6 feet 1 inch tall need an ax that's 65 centimeters (about 26 inches) long. You'll also need glacier rope. Check out Get Outdoors' Glacier Travel: Fundamentals for details on "roping up" and glacier rope travel. Camp Supplies Two good-quality down sleeping bags (expedition-quality and rated to at least 20 C and 40 C below zero) as well as at least two self-inflating pads and one thermal pad per camp to go under them is necessary; at some camps you may be better off doubling the pads. You will also need multiple tents: a larger tent for Base Camp and smaller, lighter, high-quality tents for higher elevations. A compass or small GPS unit will help you find the summit. Bringing two titanium burners will ensure that at least one works when you need it (and allows you to cook faster). For cooking and eating, you need two or three light pots with lids, plastic mugs, a thermos,[Photo] a spoon and knife (like a Leatherman), and a couple of potholders. Lots of matches and lighters are necessary for heating and cooking; make sure the latter are of good quality so they will work at high altitude. Bringing a chemical water purifier will reduce the amount of water that you need to boil, and consequently the amount of fuel required. You will need two plastic water bottles in addition to a wide mouthed bottle for urination. The trekking agency may supply gas and oxygen if applicable. Large duffel bags are necessary for transporting your gear and so is a backpack for carrying it (you may want an extra, small backpack for treks). The climbing pack will need attachment points for your ax and other climbing gear. Sunscreen, lip balm and a small personal first aid kit should all fit in your pack. Electronic Equipment Cameras are essential, and walkie-talkies might be a good idea. Lithium batteries are best for long life and function at high altitudes. Increasing numbers of climbers are bringing other electronic equipment such as laptops, video cameras and satellite phones. People Beginning in the 1990s, experienced climbers like Rob Hall began organizing group tours, which made Everest accessible for the first time to less experienced people. Guided tours will involve an expedition leader, other guides and a Sherpa support team. There are pros and cons to joining a guided tour, but if you are considering it, experts recommend that you climb another, less difficult mountain with them first. Even "solo" climbers often hire Sherpas to assist with the climb, and hiring a cook for Camp II can greatly improve the quality of your experience.
Cost The average cost of a fully guided journey up Everest from the south side is $65,000. A fully guided climb from the north costs somewhat less, averaging around $40,000. These costs do not typically include personal gear, international airfare, or insurance, all of which can add thousands to the trip. Starting from scratch, the required gear would run at least $8,000. The figure is closer to $15,000 with the addition of items like a laptop and digital camera.

The Ascent

Most climbers attempt Everest during April and May. In the winter, low temperatures and hurricane force winds make climbing difficult. Between June and September, summer monsoons create intense storms and violent precipitation.From home and back again, most trips to the top over Everest take about two and a half months. For a southern approach, climbers typically fly into Katmandu and spend several days there buying supplies[Photo] and arranging travel visas. From Katmandu, they fly to Lukla and make their way overland to Base Camp, where they prepare for their Everest climb. Even the Base Camp is located at high altitude, so the journey there must progress gradually, usually taking one to two weeks.The South Col Route was taken by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay and is still the route used most frequently. It goes through the treacherous Khumbu Icefall and Western Cwm (pronounced "coom"), up the Lhotse Face and past the South Col and Hillary Step to the summit.[Photo]The North Ridge Route is the second-most popular route. It's a more difficult climb technically and requires a longer descent at high altitude than the Southern Route, though it avoids the dangers of the Khumbu Icefall. In total, there are 15 different routes and route variations to the top of Everest.Ascending from the south, climbers make use of five different camps as they adjust to high altitude. Base Camp is located at 17,600 feet (5364 m). Temperatures tend to be about 1.5 degrees C warmer than the summit per 150 meters of altitude drop and range between 17 C below zero in January to 3 C below in the summer. During the spring climbing season Base Camp houses about 300 people, including climbers, Sherpas, doctors, scientists and other support staff.[Photo]From Base Camp, climbers must pass through the Khumbu Icefall. They can only traverse this area with the aid of ropes and ladders. Even with all the safety precautions, this section is extremely dangerous. Shifting ice, deep crevasses, falling ice and avalanches have killed many climbers and Sherpas there. Once through the Khumbu Icefall, climbers reach Camp I at 19,900 feet (6065 m). Most climbers must navigate the Khumbu Icefall multiple times as they acclimate to the elevation.[Photo] Travel from Camp I to Camp II at 21,300 feet (6492 m) takes climbers through the glacial valley known as the Western Cwm. Surprisingly, the main challenge in the Western Cwm is heat. The valley's structure means there is little wind and the intense sunlight at such a high altitude can make it uncomfortably hot. The next challenge is climbing Lhotse Face using fixed ropes to get across a sheer wall of ice and ascend to Camp III at 24,500 ft (7470 m). Climbers must also use ropes to get across the Geneva Spur to reach Camp IV.Camp IV, also known as the South Col ("Col" is a word for saddle, or pass) is the last major camp before climbers[Photo] make their summit push. Located at 26,000 ft (7925 m) it is the first night most climbers spend in the Death Zone. From Camp IV, climbers hike to The Balcony, at 27,700 ft (8440 m). The Balcony provides a platform where climbers can rest. From there they proceed to The Cornice Traverse, a horizontal face of snow and rock that must be climbed, and finally onto The Hillary Step which is climbed with fixed ropes, so that only one climber can ascend or descend at a time. At this point, the lack of oxygen and cold dulls climbers' reflexes and judgment, [Photo]making the Hillary Step one of the most challenging elements of the climb.From the Hillary Step, climbers must trek the final feet to reach the summit. Near the top are survey and scientific equipment, prayer flags, discarded oxygen bottles, and a few other small items and mementoes left by climbers. From the summit, you can see across the Tibetan Plateau, towards the other Himalayan peaks of Cho Oyu, Makalu and Kanchenjunga. Most climbers stop to take some pictures and enjoy the 360 degree view before heading down again. As the list of deaths attests, getting down safely can be at least as dangerous as getting up. Most climbers require about four days to ascend Mount Everest from Base Camp. The fastest ascent from the north side is held by Hans [Photo]Kammerlander of Italy and took him 16 hours and 45 minutes from Base Camp. The fastest ascent from the South took just under 11 hours and was accomplished by Lakba Gelu Sherpa. Babu Chiri Sherpa, who was at the summit for 21.5 hours, holds the record for the most time spent on top of Everest. However, people typically spend about an hour at the top on average. Next, we'll look at the effect that climbing Mount Everest has on the region and on climbers themselves